Numbers station - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A numbers station is a type of shortwaveradio station characterized by unusual broadcasts, reading out lists of numbers or incomprehensible coded messages.[1] The voices are often created by speech synthesis and are transmitted in a wide variety of languages. The voices are usually female, although sometimes men's or children's voices are used. Some voices are synthesized and created by machines; however, some stations used to have live readers.[2] Many numbers stations went off the air due to the end of the Cold War in 1. The first known use of numbers stations was during World War I, and the first possible listener was Anton Habsburg of Austria.[3] The numbers were transmitted in Morse. The Czech Ministry of Interior and the Swedish Security Service have both acknowledged the use of numbers stations by Czechoslovakia for espionage,[4][5][6] with declassified documents proving the same. With a few exceptions,[7] no QSL responses have been received from numbers stations by shortwave listeners who sent reception reports to said stations, which is the expected behavior of a non- clandestine station.[8]The best known of the numbers stations was the "Lincolnshire Poacher", which is thought to have been run by the British Secret Intelligence Service.[9]In 2.
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United States tried the Cuban Five on the charge of spying for Cuba. That group had received and decoded messages that had been broadcast from Cuban numbers stations.[1. Also in 2. 00. 1, Ana Belen Montes, a senior US Defense Intelligence Agency analyst, was arrested and charged with espionage. The federal prosecutors alleged that Montes was able to communicate with the Cuban Intelligence Directorate through encoded messages, with instructions being received through "encrypted shortwave transmissions from Cuba". In 2. 00. 6, Carlos Alvarez and his wife, Elsa, were arrested and charged with espionage. The U. S. District Court Florida stated that "defendants would receive assignments via shortwave radio transmissions". In June 2. 00. 9, the United States similarly charged Walter Kendall Myers with conspiracy to spy for Cuba and receiving and decoding messages broadcast from a numbers station operated by the Cuban Intelligence Directorate to further that conspiracy.[1.
Mixed numbers in simplest form are worth 2 points. Correct answers that are not reduced are worth 1 point.
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It has been reported that the United States used numbers stations to communicate encoded information to persons in other countries.[1. There are also claims that State Department operated stations, such as KKN5. KKN4. 4, used to broadcast similar "numbers" messages or related traffic.[1. Suspected origins and use[edit]According to the notes of The Conet Project,[1. World War I. If accurate, this would count numbers stations among the earliest radio broadcasts.[citation needed]It has long been speculated, and was argued in court in one case, that these stations operate as a simple and foolproof method for government agencies to communicate with spies working undercover.[1.
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Traceable Numbers Worksheets for Kids. This set of number worksheets is designed for preschool age children. These printable worksheets help teach kids to print and. A numbers station is a type of shortwave radio station characterized by unusual broadcasts, reading out lists of numbers or incomprehensible coded messages. [1]. Session: PALACE: BOULDER: TEXAS: SUNSET: SANTA FE: RED ROCK: GVR: 9am: $ 530: $685: $ 866: $ 565: $ 916: $ 704: $ 500: 11am: $ 1,521: $ 500: $ 626: $ 554: $ 2,097: $. Free printable preschool worksheets designed to help kids practice counting numbers. These printable number worksheets are perfect for any child learning their.
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According to this theory, the messages are encrypted with a one- time pad, to avoid any risk of decryption by the enemy. As evidence, numbers stations have changed details of their broadcasts or produced special, nonscheduled broadcasts coincident with extraordinary political events, such as the August Coup of 1. Soviet Union.[1. 8]Numbers stations are also acknowledged for espionage purposes in Robert Wallace and H. Keith Melton's Spycraft: [1.
The one- way voice link (OWVL) described a covert communications system that transmitted messages to an agent's unmodified shortwave radio using the high- frequency shortwave bands between 3 and 3. MHz at a predetermined time, date, and frequency contained in their communications plan. The transmissions were contained in a series of repeated random number sequences and could only be deciphered using the agent's one- time pad. If proper tradecraft was practiced and instructions were precisely followed, an OWVL transmission was considered unbreakable. .. As long as the agent's cover could justify possessing a shortwave radio and he was not under technical surveillance, high- frequency OWVL was a secure and preferred system for the CIA during the Cold War. Others speculate that some of these stations may be related to illegal drugsmuggling operations.[2.
Unlike government stations, smugglers' stations would need to be lower powered and irregularly operated, to avoid location by triangulated direction finding. However, numbers stations have transmitted with impunity for decades, so they are generally presumed to be operated or sponsored by governments. Additionally, numbers station transmissions in the international shortwave bands typically transmit at high power levels that might be unavailable to ranches, farms, or plantations in isolated drug- growing regions.[citation needed]High frequency radio signals transmitted at relatively low power can travel around the world under ideal propagation conditions, which are affected by local RF noise levels, weather, season, and sunspots, and can then be received with a properly tuned antenna of adequate size, and a good receiver.
However, spies often have to work only with available hand- held receivers, sometimes under difficult local conditions, and in all seasons and sunspot cycles.[1. Only very large transmitters, perhaps up to 5. Some governments may not need a numbers station with global coverage if they only send spies to nearby countries.[citation needed]A 1. The Daily Telegraph quoted a spokesperson for the Department of Trade and Industry (the government department that, at that time, regulated radio broadcasting in the United Kingdom) as saying, "These [numbers stations] are what you suppose they are. People shouldn't be mystified by them.
They are not for, shall we say, public consumption."[2. On some stations, tones can be heard in the background.
In such cases, the voice may simply be an aid to tuning to the correct frequency, with the actual coded message being sent by modulating the tones, using a technology such as burst transmission.[citation needed]The use of numbers stations as a method of espionage is discussed in Spycraft: [2. The only item Penkovsky used that could properly be called advanced tradecraft was his 'agent- receive' communications through a one- way voice- link. These encoded messages, known as OWVL, were broadcast over shortwave frequencies at predetermined times from a CIA- operated transmitter in Western Europe.
Penkovsky listened to these messages on a Panasonic radio—strings of numbers read in a dispassionate voice—and then decoded them using a one- time pad. Identifying and locating[edit]Numbers stations are often given nicknames by enthusiasts, often reflecting some distinctive element of the station such as their interval signal. For example, the "Lincolnshire Poacher", formerly one of the best known numbers stations (generally thought to be run by SIS, as its transmissions have been traced to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus), played the first two bars of the folk song "The Lincolnshire Poacher" before each string of numbers.[2. The "Atenci. ón" station was thought to be from Cuba, as a supposed error allowed Radio Havana Cuba to be carried on the frequency.[2. Several articles in the radio magazine Popular Communications published in the 1.
Florida and in the Warrenton, Virginia, areas of the United States. From the outside, they observed the station's antenna inside a military facility, the Warrenton Training Center. The station hunter speculated that the antenna's transmitter at the facility was connected by a telephone wire pair to a source of spoken numbers in the Washington, D. C., area. The author said the Federal Communications Commission would not comment on public inquiries about American territory numbers stations. According to an internal Cold War era report of the Polish Ministry of Interior, numbers stations DCF3.
Hz) and DFD2. 1 (4. Hz) transmitted from West Germany since the early 1. Atenci. Гіn spy case[edit]The "Atenci.
Гіn" station of Cuba became the world's first numbers station to be officially and publicly accused of transmitting to spies. It was the centerpiece of a United States federal court espionage trial following the arrest of the Wasp Network of Cuban spies in 1. The U. S. prosecutors claimed the accused were writing down number codes received from Atenci. Гіn, using Sony hand- held shortwave receivers, and typing the numbers into laptop computers to decode spying instructions.
The FBI testified that they had entered a spy's apartment in 1. Atenci. Гіn numbers code. They used it to decode Atenci.
Гіn spy messages, which the prosecutors unveiled in court.[citation needed]United States government evidence included the following three examples of decoded Atenci. Гіn messages.[1. 0] (Not reported whether the original clear texts were in Spanish, although the phrasing of "Day of the Woman" would indicate so.)"prioritize and continue to strengthen friendship with Joe and Dennis"[6. Under no circumstances should [agents] German nor Castor fly with BTTR or another organization on days 2.
BTTR is the anti- Castro airborne group Brothers to the Rescue)"Congratulate all the female comrades for International Day of the Woman."[7. Probably a simple greeting for International Women's Day on 8 March)At the rate of one spoken number per character per second, each of these sentences takes more than a minute to transmit.[citation needed]The moderator of an e- mail list for global numbers station hobbyists claimed, "Someone on the Spooks list had already cracked the code for a repeated transmission [from Havana to Miami] if it was received garbled." Such code- breaking is possible if a one- time pad decoding key is used more than once.[1. If used properly, however, the code cannot be broken.[citation needed]Formats[edit]. The "Russian Man" station signing off. The numbers read: 8.
Generally, numbers stations follow a basic format, although there are many differences in details between stations.